Colour Figures
Figures from the book
Figure 1.1
(A) Grand averaged ERPs from posterior, inferior temporal electrodes P9 (left parietal lobe) and P10 (right parietal lobe) in response to face stimuli for seven age groups. (B) Grand averaged ERPs from midline electrodes taken from a pilot study in which 8-month-olds, 4-year-olds, and adults passively viewed images of their own face in the context of a face recognition task. Figure 1.1A kindly provided by Dr Margot Taylor (Centre National Cervau et Cognition, Toulouse, France) and Figure 1.1B provided by Lisa S. Scott (Institute of Child Development, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA).
Figure 1.2
Infant wearing (A) 16 electrodes held in place with adhesive foam pads and Velcro headbands, (B) single disposable electrodes typically used in the newborn and NICU nurseries, (C) a 32-channel Electro-Cap ©, and (D) 1 64-channel Electro Geodesic Sensor net ©. Adapted from DeBoer. Scott & Nelson (2004).
Figure 1.3
Effects of four different references on adult components elicited during a face-processing paradigm. (A) Components with a fronto-central distribution, such as the vertex-positive potential (VPP) and P300, show decreases in amplitude when an average reference is used compared to either a linked mastoid, linked earlobes, or one left mastoid.
(B) In contrast, components that are maximal over posterior-temporal sites, such as the N170, show increases in amplitude when an average reference is used. (Figure 1.3 kindly provided by and reproduced with permission from Abrams et al., 204.)
Figure 2.6
Sweep VEP data are shown for three healthy children aged 11 months, 23 months, and 8 years, respectively. To produce these graphs, ON/OFF high-contrast grating stimuli were presented at 15 Hz and the amplitude of the VEP at this fundamental stimulus frequency was plotted. Gratings were presented from invisible to visible (high spatial frequency to low spatial frequency as shown in the cycles per degree along the abscissa). The straight line used to estimate threshold is fitteed through the ascending portion of the smplitude curve to the point of the maximal signal to noise ratio (SNR). Threshold (Thrsh) is recorded for the grating size corresponding to zero signal and the noise levels are indicated by small rectangles. The lower curve is signal phase. Snellen equivalent visual activity for the three children is 6//11, 6/9.3, and 6/5.7. (Figure courtesy of Sean I. Chen, Arvind Chandna, and Anthony M. Norcia.)
Figure 2.7
Visual acuity maturation in the first 7 months of life is shown using various measurement techniques. The normal range for the behavioural method based on fixation preference is shown with dashed lines (95% confidence intervals for Teller Acuity Cards™). The smallest recordable check size using standard VEP techniques is comparable with the upper limits of this behavioural acuity range (McCulloch & Skarf, 1991; Porciatti, 1984). Extropolation of VEP amplitudes and other signal detection techniques usually indicate better resolution and more rapid maturation of visual acuity.
Figure 4.2
Event-rated potentials elicited for frequent familiar, infrequent familiar, and infrequent novel stimuli are shown on the left for infants who did (upper two graphs) or did not (lower two graphs) receive prior familiarizaion with the two familiar stimuli. To the right of the graphs are shown the corresponding amplitude distributions averaged over an 80-ms period at the peak amplitude of the Nc. Reprinted from Reynolds, G. D., & Richards, J. E. (2005). Familiarization, attention and recognition memory in infancy: An ERP and cortical source localisation study. Developmental Psychology, 41, 598-615. Copyright © 2005 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 4.3
ICA component cluster for the prefrontal component. The topographical map average of the ICA loadings is similar to the topographical map of the grand average ERP of the Nc component. The equivalent current dipole locations are displayed on MRI slices, with each location representing and ICA from one individual. Reprinted from Reynolds, G. D., & Richards, J. E. (2005). Developmental Psychology, 41, 598-615. Copyright © 2005 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 10.3
Induced gamma-band oscillations to Kanizsa Squares and control stimuli in 8- and 6-month-old infants. Both the increased and reduced activations were restricted to the left frontal area. Adapted from Csibra et al. (2000)
Figure 10.4
Induced gamma-band oscillations to occluded objects in 6-month-old infants. A right temporal activation was elicited both when an object had been hidden and failed to reappear (A), and during hiding before reappearance (B).
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